/∫/
This is a voiceless palato – alveola fricative consonant. It is realized when the tip of the tongue and blade make a light contact with the alveolar ridge and the airstream escapes with a frictional noise.
Examples sh – sheep, shop
ch- champagne, machine
s – sugar, sure
ss- mission, pressure
c – ocean
ti – nation, education
ci – special, sufficient
/ʧ/
This is called voiceless palato – alveolar affricate. In its production, the blade and rims of the tongue from a total obstruction to the airstream with the alveolar ridge while the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. The spellings symbols for /ʧ/ are listed below
Examples ch – chief, church
-ture – nature, picture
tch – match, catch
-teous–righteous, courteous
tual – ritual, factual
/ʒ/
This consonant is a voiced palato – alveolar fricative which has the same process of articulation as /ᶘ/ except that the vocal cords vibrate as if it is produced. In other words, /ʒ/ is the voiced counterpart of the voiceless /∫/. The symbols for /ʒ/ are as follows:
s – usual, measure
z – seizure,
si – evasion, vision
/ʤ/
This is the voiced palato – alveolar affricate which is the same way as /tᶘ/. However, /ʤ/ is voiced because the vocal cords vibrate during its production. The spelling symbols for /ʤ/ are as follows:
j – judge, joy
g – gin, giant
dg – bridge, badge
d – soldier
EVALUATION
Identify the underlined consonant sound used in each the words below:
sheep / /
Asia / /
invasion / /
joke / /
punctual / /
READING ASSIGNMENT
Oral English for Schools and Colleges, page 54 – 58
- Vocabulary Development – Technology.
- Invention –a thing or an idea that has been invented
- Pollution –substances that make air, water, soil etc. dirty
- Robot –a machine that can do some tasks that a human can do and that works automatically or is controlled by a computer.
- Fumes –smoke, gas or something similar that smells strongly or is dangerous to breathe in
- Astronauts – a person whose job involves travelling and walking in spacecraft.
- Spacecraft – a vehicle that travels through space
- Missile – a weapon that is sent through the air that explodes when it hits the thing it is aimed at
- Mast – a tall pole on a boat or ship that supports the sails/ a tall metal tower with an aerial that sends and receives radio or television signal.
- Automobile – a car.
- Technician – a person whose job is keeping a particular type of equipment or machinery in good condition
Some other words include:
Computer, electronic, factory, machine, install, telephone, industry, metro-line, traffic, high-precision, discoveries etc.
EVALUATION
Complete each of the following sentences with one of the words in brackets (discoveries, transfer of technology, manufacture, life, style, standard of living, pollution, labour, market, revolutionalised, fumes, robot)
- Nigeria can only achieve greatness in technology ______________
- Our ___________ is rather low.
- Mr. Onum has made several amazing __________ this year.
- Too many industries in the town cause ___________.
- I am determined to ____________ bar soap in that factory.
- When the retrenchment exercise began, many people were thrown into the _____________.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Countdown in English, pg 175
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISIONAL QUESTIONS
- Write two words each to show contrast of the following pairs of sounds:
/ᶘ/ and /ʒ/
/tᶘ/ and /ʤ/
- Write five examples of phrasal verbs and their meanings.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Section A
Choose the word or phrase that is opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
- Olu was delighted when he heard the news. A. saddened B. frightened C. saddenedD. frightened
- His hard work proved fruitful in the end. A. negative B. hostile C. futile D. ordinary
- Amadi is too garrulous for my liking. A. laconic B. slow C. dull D. dumb
- The doctor certified the tumour malignant. A. benign B. ripe C. painless D. dangerous
- You have ample time to do the job A. little B. less C. enough D. excess
Section B
Practice 2 page 123, unit 8, Effective English
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