Animal Improvement

There are three processes or methods of animal improvement.  These are introduction, selection and breeding.

INTRODUCTION

Introduction is the bringing into the farm or a country, high quality breeds of livestock with a high productive capacity and other good desirable characteristics from another farm or country.  Before the introduction of such animal from another (exotic breeds), one must be sure that such breeds possess higher quality characteristics than the local breeds.  Different breeds of farm animals exist and these include  the local breeds, imported breeds and the cross breed.

The local breeds are usually small animals, slow-maturing, poor producers, but adapted to local environment and resistant to many diseases.  The exotic (imported) breeds are big animals, early-maturing, good producers but may not adapt to local environment and not resistant to  many diseases.  To obtain a balance, the exotic breeds are used to mate the local breeds to obtain cross breeds which will now combine all the good qualities of exotic and local breeds.

Advantages of Introduction

1. Breeds which are not originally present in the home country are introduced
2. It enhances greater productivity
3. It leads to the absence of pests and diseases
4. Breeds may perform better in terms of quality and quantity, if it is able to adapt to local environment .

Disadvantages of Introduction

1. It may introduce new diseases (s) to the area.
2. It may introduce new pest(s) to the area.
3. It may have the problem of adaptation to the new area.
4. It may not perform maximally.

SELECTION

Selection is the process of picking or selecting from a mixed population, those animals with breeding value as parents.  Selection is undertaken to maximize genetic gain.  It helps to select animals that are capable of transmitting their genetic attributes to their offspring.  Animals with desirable characteristics like good meat production, egg laying etc, are selected.  Selection is grouped into two main classes.

1. Natural Selection: This is the ability of individual animal to weather through unfavourable environmental forces to survive and reproduce. Those that are unable to survive die off.
2. Artificial selection: This selection is done by man using his intelligence and influence to select and mate animals in order to increase the number of animals. There are four types of artificial selection.
3. Mass selection: Animas are selected or rejected on the basis of their own performance (merit). Animals with the desired characteristics are chosen in preference to those not possessing them from a large group of animals.
4. Progeny selection: Animals are selected on the performance of their progeny or offspring. Mothers of the best performed offspring are retained while the mothers of offspring that do not perform well are discarded.

• Family selection: Animals are selected or rejected on the basis of the performance of the relatives or family. It is usual when family size is large.

1. Pedigree Selection: Animals are selected or rejected on the basis of the performance of their ancestors. This is based on the belief that ancestors have passed on their traits to the animals being considered and so the animals are likely to perform equally or even better than the ancestors.

Advantages of Selection

1. It ensures that only the best naturally available animal is selected.
2. Animals with desirable characteristics are selected.
3. Animals from best breeds are bred for distribution
4. Animals with undesirable characteristics are detected and rejected
5. Selection reduces the spread of diseases.
6. It also reduces the spread of parasites associated with breeding stocks.

Disadvantages of Selection

1. Selection is tedious and time consuming.
2. It is very costly in terms of time and money
3. It requires expertise which may not be readily available.
4. It brings about elimination or exclusion of some desirable traits of some parent stock.
5. No new desirable characteristics are introduced.

Breeding

Breeding involves the breeding or development of animals by transferring inherited qualities from parents to offspring.  This is achieved through mating.

Types of Breeding

1. In-Breeding:
2. This involves mating of more closely related animals than the average of the population from which they come, e.g., the mating of father to daughter, son to mother or brother to sister.
3. It produces offspring with undesirable characteristics because of recessive genes showing up.

• It also enables the farmer to get desired character or quality well developed in an animal

1. In-breeding helps to produce inbred lines that can be used for cross breeding to produce hybrid vigour.
2. It also leads to in-breeding depression.
3. Line-breeding:
4. It is closely related or similar to in-breeding.
5. It involves the mating of not too closely related animals, e.g., mating between cousins.

• It has the same disadvantages as in-breeding, but it takes a longe period for undesirable trait of the parents to appear (i.e in-breeding depression)

1. It is used to consolidate traits for a sire or dam. Most of the high quality commercial characters developed recently have been as a result of line-breeding.
2. Cross Breeding:
3. This is the mating of proven quality animals from different breeds
4. It may lead to an increase in hybrid vigour, e.g., the cross between muturu breed of cattle which is resistant to trypanosomiasis and Whit Fulani which is susceptible to the disease to produce a hybrid which combines he good qualities of the two breeds.

• It results in breeds of animals with higher production capacity than any of the parents

1. It brings about greater rate of growth in an offspring.
2. It produces individuals that can withstand climatic variation in the environment
3. It increases diseases resistance in offspring.

• It also promotes higher yields of eggs, meat and milk in offspring.

4. Out Breeding: This is the mating of unrelated individuals animals within the same breed. Out-breeding is the opposite of in-breeding.  It produces offspring with greater vigour and productivity.

Advantages of Breeding

1. The crossing or mating of superior animals from two different breeds produces an offspring that is superior to the average of either parent. This is called hybrid vigour or heterosis (cross breeding).
2. Offspring grows more rapidly and is more economical to rear (cross breeding).
3. It results in the production of pure breeds or pure lines (in-breeding).
4. It helps to concentrate and preserve specific qualities in an animal (In-breeding)
5. Off springs produced can withstand variations within the environment (cross-breeding).

Disadvantages of Breeding

1. It may result in in-breeding depression, i.e., a reduction in vigour and performance (in-breeding).
2. It can also result in drop in production such as, milk, egg, mat, slow growth rate, loss of fertility (in-breeding).
3. It may also result in poor resistance to diseases (in-breeding).

ARTIFICAL INSEMINATION

This is the introduction of semen into the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating.  The semen containing spermatozoa are carefully handled, diluted and stored in freezer at a temperature of 196oc in liquid nitrogen until it is required for use.

For artificial insemination to succeed, the semen which has been stored is introduced into the female reproductive tract during breeding cycle (the heat period) so that fertilization will occur.  Artificial insemination is only possible in animals whose heat period is easily observable because spermatozoa are only viable for few hours after introduction in to the female reproductive tract.

Methods of collecting semen from a proven male for use in artificial insemination are:

1. Artificial vagina
2. Massage method

• Electro-ejaculation

1. Recovery of semen from the vagina after service.

Advantages of Artificial Insemination

1. It is easier and less expensive than natural mating since the farmer is saved the expense of maintaining a herd of male animals.
2. It is easier and cheaper to import he semen of exotic breeds rather than the male animals themselves.
3. It makes it possible to use the best male animal to a large extent.
4. It is possible to service many females of different sizes leading to the production of many offspring.
5. It brings about reduction in the transmission of venereal and infectious diseases.
6. It allows for the testing of offspring of a particular individual within relatively short period of time.
7. The semen of a good bull can still be used long after the death of the bull.

Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination

1. It requires expertise which may not be readily available
2. Difficulties in detecting heat in female animals may limit the success of artificial insemination
3. In-breeding effects may show up if only a few bulls are used in a particular environment.
4. If the handling procedure is inadequate (i.e improper timing of breeding in the oestrus cycle), the pregnancy rate may be very low.