- Comprehension / Reading Skills: More on scanning and skimming
- Speech Work: Contrasting /s/ and /z/ and /ʒ/ /f/ and /v/
- Structure to Nominalization
- COMPREHENSION/ READING SKILLS
Content
- Skimming
- Scanning
- Skimming
This is the process of going through written materials very fast in search of the main ideas. It involves glancing through the text to determine its gist. It also implies rapid reading with special attention to the main points. The reader who is skimming looks for keywords headings, sub-headings e.t.c. The reader covers the entire reading materials as quickly as possible jotting down only the salient or cogent points. One of the major purposes of skimming is the location of main ideas. It is looking quickly over the text to get a general superficial idea of the content of the printed material
- Scanning
The major purpose of scanning is the rapid and efficient location of specific words, facts or details. It is the processing of large quantities of print materials for the purpose of localising particular facts or details. The reader is expected to look at the materials to be read attentively in order to find out the suitability or relevance of the material for a given purposes. The reader is expected to fast phrase by phrase with flexibility and a high degree of concentration in an attempt to draw out the salient points.
EVALUATION
Skim and scan through the comprehension passage on page 152 of your Effective English and answer the questions under it.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Page 152- 153 of the Effective English
- Speech Work: Contrasting /s/ and /z/ and /ʒ/, /f/ and /v/
/f/ is a voiceless labio dental fricative while /v/ is a voiced labio dental fricative
contrast
| /v/ | /f/ |
| Vine | Fine |
| Vast | Fast |
| Halve | Half |
| Alive | Life |
| Proof | Prove |
| Save | Safe |
| Divine | Define |
| Review | Refuse |
| Invest | Infest |
| Starve | Staff |
| Sieve | Sift |
| Live | Life |
/s/ /z/
/s/ is a voiceless alveolar fricative
/z/ is a voiced alveolar fricative
| /s/ | /z/ |
| Sow | Zoo |
| Sip | Zip |
| Bless | Breeze |
| Rice | Rise |
| Dice | Dries |
| Bins | Beans |
| Bus | Business |
| Excess | Example |
/ʒ/ /ʃ/
/ʒ/is a voiced post alveolar fricative
/ʃ/ is a voiceless post alveolar fricative
contrast
| /ʒ/ | /ʃ/ |
| Vicious | Erasure |
| Gracious | Pleasure |
| Nation | Treasure |
| Machine | Exposure |
| Precious | Measure |
| Commotion | Confusion |
| Indication | Decision |
| Shrub | Beige |
| Chauffeur | Mirage |
EVALUATION
Write 2 words each to show contrast of the following pairs of sounds:
- / ʃ / and /ʒ/,
- /s/ and /z/
- /v/ and /f/
READING ASSIGNMENT
Standard Speech 10 Book, Diction in English Course page 2-6
- INTRODUCTION TO NOMINALIZATION
Content
- Definition
- Affixation
- Compounding
Nominalization refers to the conversion from other word classes into nouns. The methods of deriving nouns include the following: Affixation, The use of the definite article (the) + Adjective, Compounding.
Affixation refers to the way affixes (bound morphemes) are applied to the word with new meanings, or to modify the meaning of words or change the grammatical classes of words. Affixes include prefixes, suffixes and infixes.
Suffixes used to form nouns include the follwing: ment, ness, ion, ship, hood, ation, ance, /ence, ancy/ency, atis, cido, ism, ist, re/or,ee, ster,ess/tress /trix/ ine, let/ ette/ -ette/ -ling, -ve, -ant, -ing
“ment” it usually goes with verbs
- Enslavement – enslave
- Encroach – encroachment
- Enlighten – enlightenment
“ness”- This norpheme is applied to adjectives especially those that end with – ful, less, -y, ous, -ve e.g.
- Useful – usefulness
- Heartless – heartlessness
- Callous – callousness
“ity”- It’s often connected to adjective especially those that end with “ic”, “se”, “re”, “al” , “cal”, “ous”, “ve”, “ble”, “able”, “ce”
e.g.
- Ethnic – ethnicity
- Intense – intensity
“hood”- It is attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs
- Man- manhood
- Priest – priesthood
Compounding: A compound noun is a noun composed of more than one word. The plural form of a compound noun is derived through the addition of “s” or ( an equivalent plural marker) to the major word of the compound noun.
The major word may be the initial part of the compound e.g.
| Singular | Plural |
| Secretary-general | Secretaries-general |
| Court-martial | Courts-martial |
| Hanger-on | Hangers-on |
| Solicitor-general | Solicitors-general |
The main word is the final part of the compound
| Headscarf | Headscarfs |
| Talisman | Talismans |
| Linguafranca | Linguafrancas |
| Child soldier | Child soldiers |
| Man eater | Man eaters |
| By election | By elections |
| Highway man | Highway men |
Compound nouns that accept plurals in both parts
| Singular | Plural |
| Woman pilot | Women pilots |
| Man friend | Men friends |
EVALUATION
Use the following affixes to form nouns: phaty, ancy, graphy, tis, archy, ology.
Reading Assignment
Nominalization: page 67 – 95 of Towards Effective Use of English by Folu Agoi
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Question 2 & 3 of Effective English page 205
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