Double entry Book keeping

CONTENT

• Double Entry Principle
• Posting of Transactions to Ledger Accounts
• Combination of Cash Account and Bank Account
• Double Entry Records for Sales, Purchases, Returns, Carriage inwards, Carriage Outwards, Capital, Drawings, Expenses, Income, Assets and Liabilities

Note

The day-to-day transactions of a business are recorded in the books of account using the double entry system of bookkeeping. The term double entry is used because the two effects of a transaction (a giving and a receiving) are both recorded in the ledger.

Double entry bookkeeping is the system of keeping account which involves the recording of the two-fold aspect of every transaction, whereby one account that receives value is debited and another account, which gives value is credited.

Rules of Double Entry

1. All transactions must be recorded in two accounts, one account is debited and another account credited.
2. For every debit entry in an account, there must be a corresponding credit entry in another account.
3. For every credit entry in an account, there must be a corresponding debit entry in another account.
4. Debit the account that receives value, credit the account that gives values.

A business maintains a separate ledger account for each type of asset, liability, expense and income and also for each individual debtor and creditor. Every transaction is recorded in the ledger account relating to that particular item or person.

In practice, each ledger account has its own page or sheet (i.e. folio). As this is not possible in examination questions and class exercises, it is usual to find several accounts displayed on one page.

EVALUATION

1. Complete the following table, showing the accounts to be debited and those to be credited:

Accounts to be debited           Account to be credited

1. Bought furniture by cheque
2. Paid wages by cash
3. Cash sales
4. Cash purchases
5. Started business with money in bank
6. The owner took cash for his personal use
7. Sold goods on credit to Mr. Anayo
8. Bought fixtures on credit from Odunlade
9. Bought machinery by cheque
10. Received loan by cash from Mr. Evans
11. Business Accounting 1 by Frank Wood, Exercise 3.6, 3.9A and 3.10A

READING ASSIGNMENT

1. Simplified and Amplified Financial Accounting page 20 – 27
2. Business Accounting 1 page 21 – 38

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS

1. State four differences between book – keeping and accounting.
2. List ten users of financial information.
3. State seven benefits of keeping accounting records.
4. List three differences between the Journal and the Ledger.
5. Explain the principle of double entry system

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Cross referencing among different books of account is achieved with the use of    A. columns    B. reference numbers     C. folio     D. margin
2. A ledger is a   A. summary of entries     B. book of original entry     C. book of account     D. double entry posting
3. A trader set aside from his private funds N70, 000 for business purposes. The N70, 000 would be referred to as    A. drawings    B. profit     C. capital        D. loan
4. Purchases in accounting refers to goods bought for    A. repairs    B. permanent use    C. resale     D. owner’s use
5. When goods are sold for cash, the credit entry goes to the ___? A. trader’s account    B. cash account     C. customer’s account     D. sales account

THEORY

1. What is a ledger?
2. Explain the principle of double entry system.