Sovereignty

The Meaning of Sovereignty

Sovereignty as a concept is derived from the Latin word superamus meaning supreme, and when applied to the state, it refers to the supreme power of a state to govern its people and manage it resources without external interference.

In democratic regimes, both the state and the electorate possess sovereignty. Therefore sovereignty can also be regarded as the exercise of final legal coercive power in a state.

It is important to note that sovereignty connotes two things – the state of political independence; and the supreme power in a state.

The Types of Sovereignty

There are at least eight (8) types of sovereignty. They are:

1. Internal sovereignty, which is the power of the state to make and enforce laws within its jurisdiction.
2. External sovereignty, which is the power of the state to exist and conduct its affairs without external interference.
3. De jure sovereignty, based on law and its application.
4. De facto sovereignty, based on military force.
5. Legal sovereignty, exercised by the law making organ of government, e.g. the National Assembly in Nigeria.
6. Political sovereignty or popular sovereignty, expressed by the majority.
7. Limited sovereignty, expressed by minority groups.

The Location of Sovereignty in a State

The location of sovereignty in a state is quite a dicey task or venture. This is due to the fact that the location is relative to the system, process and structure of government. For instance,

1. In a federal state where powers are constitutionally shared, sovereignty is shared.
2. In a unitary state where power is concentrated at the centre, sovereignty is based at the centre.
3. Political sovereignty resides with the electorates who decide who would be their leaders or representatives through election.
4. In a monarchy, sovereignty resides in the monarch. For instance, in Britain, it resides with the Queen in parliament.
5. In a military regime, where there is gross centralization of power, sovereignty resides with the central decision making body.

The Limitations of Sovereignty

Below are some of the limitations of sovereignty:

1. International organizations
2. Effect of big economic powers
3. Pressure groups
4. Coup d’etat
5. Fundamental human rights
6. International treaties, charters and agreements
7. Customs and traditions of the people.
8. Globalization, international aid, etc.

EVALUATION

1. Define sovereignty.
2. Briefly explain five (5) types of sovereignty.
3. Where is sovereignty located in a state?

Highlight five (5) limitations of sovereignty