StopLearnStopLearnCirculatory system is defined as continuous movement or flow of blood round the body which involves the heart and blood vessels.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION
iii. Single circulation
CLOSED CIRCULATION: is a system made up of blood vessels called arteries from the heart which branch many times into a smaller unit called capillaries but eventually join up with other vessels called veins that is connected to the heart. Some invertebrate like annelids (earthworm) and all vertebrates have closed circulatory system.
OPEN CIRCULATORY: is a type of circulatory system where the blood vessels lead out of the heart end up in a blood space called HAEMOCOEL. In this space, the blood comes into direct contact with the cell after, which it is returned to the heart. Arthropods and some Mollusc use open circulation.
SINGLE CIRCULATION: is defined as a type of circulatory system in which the blood passes through the heart once every time the blood makes one complete circulation e.g. fish which has only two chambers heart i.e one auricle and one ventricle.
DOUBLE CIRCULATION: is a type of blood circulation in which the blood passes through the heart twice every time the blood makes one complete movement round the body. Each time the blood passes through the heart, it goes through a separate path way. This types of circulation system is found in mammals. Double circulation give rise to two pathways namely Pulmonary and Systemic circulation.
PULMONARY CIRCULATION: This is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs for oxygenation.
IMPORTANCE OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION
MECHANISM OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION
The superior vena cava returns blood from the head and the upper limbs into the right auricle. Blood from the lower limbs and the abdomen is brought to the right auricle by the inferior vena cava. The right auricle contract and the blood is forced through the tricuspid valves into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contact forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery is divided into numerous arterioles which in turn are subdivided into microscopic capillaries in the lungs. With the thin walls of the capillaries and the moist nature of individual cells of the lungs, exchange of gases, nutrients and waste take place between the blood and the cell of the lungs. The capillaries unite to form VENULES. The veinules in turn from the pulmonary vein that bring back the oxygenated blood into the left auricle of the heart.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
It is the movement of blood between the heart and all part of the body apart from the lungs. When oxygenated blood arrive at the left auricle from the lungs. The left auricle relaxes and the left ventricle contrasts. Blood is forced up into the AORTA, then to all part of the body. Blood rich in oxygen and other nutrients is taken to all living cells in the body. The aorta is the main artery leaving the heart, it forms anorthic arch and give out three branches before running down the truck.
BLOOD VESSELS AND THE HEART
The blood vessels are the tubes through which the bloods flows away or to the heart.
ARTERIES:- Arteries receive blood directly from the heart. To withstand the high pressure of blood that flow in them, they have thick wall which are muscular and elastic. These walls also enable arteries constrict or dilate and thus regulate the amount of blood flowing in them.
VEIN carries blood to back heart. The blood in them is at low pressure. Thus, vein is not as thick, muscular, or elastic as that of an artery of about the same size. Most veins have valves inside them to prevent backflow of blood.
CAPILARIES- capillaries are microscopic blood vessels form a network linking arteriole to venules. The blood in the capillaries at the arteriole end is at higher pressure that at the venule ends. The tiny wall of the capillaries make it easy for oxygen, nutrient and waste product to diffuse between the cell and blood
| 1. It has thick muscular wall | It has thickness muscular wall |
| 2. It has elastic wall | Its wall is not elastic |
| 3. It carries blood away from the heart | It carries blood to the heat |
| 4. All arteries carry oxygenated except pulmonary artery | All veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein |
| 5.The blood in the artery is pink or bright in colour | The blood in the vein is dark red in colour |
| 6. Blood at high pressure and flow fast. | The blood pressure is low and flows slowly
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| 7.Valves are absent except semi- lunar valves near the heart | Valves are present |
| 8. Arteries are deeply located in the muscle | Veins are superficially located in the muscle |
| 9. It has small lumen. | It has large lumen. |
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