Manufacturing industry is defined as the industry that is involved in the turning of raw materials into new products by mechanical or chemical process at home or in the factory.
CHARACTERISTIC OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
1. Most Nigeria industries rely on imported skilled labour from foreign countries.
2. Most industries also depend on foreign countries for their raw materials.
3. Industries are concentrated in few locations, especially in urban centres.
4. Most manufacturing industries are mainly light industries.
5. They are labour intensive i.e. require large labour.
6. Their produce is mainly consumed in the local market.
7. They are largely small scale.
CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Manufacturing industries can be grouped into 3 namely:
A. Light Industries
– They produce relatively light weight goods such as matches, television sets, electric fans, books, etc.
– They employ mainly the services of women.
– They produce final or consumable goods.
B. Consumer Goods Industries
– They turn raw materials into consumable goods.
– They are normally located in cities.
C. Heavy Industries
– They produce heavy or bulky goods.
– They employ the services of mainly males.
– Examples include metallurgical industries, petroleum industries and ship building industries.
Industries can also be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary industries based on
their functions.
A. Primary Industries
– They are concerned with the extraction of raw materials provided by nature.
– They are also known as extractive industries.
– Examples include mining, fishing, lumbering, farming and livestock production.
B. Secondary Industries
– They are concerned with the turning of raw materials into finishing goods.
– Examples include construction, building, chemical industries, etc.
C. Tertiary Industries
– They are concerned with the rendering of services.
– The service could be direct e.g. trading, banking, teaching, medical, etc
– The service could be indirect e.g. police, custom, soldiers, etc
FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
1. Proximity of source of raw materials. 2. Nearness to market.
3. Nearness to sources of power. 4. Availability of labour.
5. Availability of capital. 6. Adequate transport network.
7. Government policies. 8. Political stability.
REASONS WHY MOST MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ARE SITED IN URBAN AREAS
1. Large market 2. Availability of labour
3. Good transport network 4. Nearness to seaports and airports
5. Availability of finance 6. Presence of infrastructure facilities.
LOCALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES
This refers to the sitting of industries in a particular area i.e. the concentration of industries in one area.
Advantages of concentration of Industries
1. It leads to inter-dependence of industries
2. It creates employment opportunities
3. It aids mobility of labour
4. It leads to the provision of social
5. It encourages healthy competition among industries
6. It leads to the development of organized market e.g. cooperative societies
7. It leads to attraction of subsidiary industries in the area
8. It leads to inventions and innovations due to competition among industries.
Disadvantages of concentration of Industries
1. It leads to congestion in traffic, industries and housing
2. It can lead to shortage of amenities
3 It can escalate crime rate like armed robbery, car snatching, etc
4. It can cause environmental pollution due to the presence of many industries.
5. The area is made the target of attack during war time.
6. It encourages rural-urban migration.
EVALUATION
- What is an industry?
- Explain the different types of manufacturing industries in Nigeria.
- State the advantages of concentration of industries.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR TO ECONOMIC DEVELOMENT
1. Provision of employment opportunities 2. Increase in Gross National Product (GNP)
3. Infrastructural development 4. Man power development
5. Funding of education and Research 6. Improvement of trade balance
7. Stimulation of other sectors.
PROBLEMS OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
1. Shortage of raw materials 2. Insufficient capital
3. High degree of foreign dependence 4. Poor quality of industrial labour
5. Political instability 6. Poor management
7. Competition from foreign goods 8. Inadequate power supply
SOLUTIONS TO INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS
1. Acquisition of skills 2. Good government policies
3. Active government participation 4. Incentives to local industries
5. Provision of transport facilities 6. Creation of industrial zones
7. Stable government.
LOCAL CRAFT (COTTAGE) INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA
Local craft or cottage industries are those industries that depend mainly on raw materials obtained from their immediate locality. They use simple tools and their work is of high artistic quality. They include:
1. Leather works e.g. sandals, cushions, handbags, etc. They mostly found in Kano, Bida and Sokoto.
2. Wood carving: This is done in Ikot Ekpene, Uyo, Oyo, Benin city, etc
3. Pottery and glass making: These are done in Ikot Ekpene, Bida, Ilorin and Calabar.
4. Ropes and mat making: These are done in Ikot Ekpene, Warri, and Kano.
5. Brass and silver works: These are done in Bida, Benin and Kano
6. Textile/cloth weaving: These are done in Akwette, Okene, Kano, and Iseyin
MODERN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA
A. The Western Industrial Zone: Include Lagos, Ibadan, Sango Ota, Abeokuta, Epe, Apapa, Ewekoro, Oshogbo etc.
B. The South-East Industrial Zone: Include Nkalagu, Onitsha, Port Harcourt, Enugu, Aba, Owerri, Calabar, etc.
C. The North-Central Industrial Zone: Include Kano, Kaduna, Jos, Zaria, etc.
D. The Mid-Western Industrial Zone: Include Warri, Benin, Sapele, Ughelli, etc.
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- What is transportation?
- State the mode of transportation.
- Which transport mode is considered the cheapest?
- State the advantages of land transport.
- Explain the classification of manufacturing industries in Nigeria.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Geography, O.A. Iwena Pages 277-282.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
(1) The cheapest means of transportation is (a) Air (b) water (c) Rail (d) Road
(2) The best way to get an urgent Medicare service internationally is by (a) water transport
(b) Road transport (c) Air transport (d) Rail transport
(3) The safest means of moving goods and passengers from one country to another is by ________ transport (a) Air (b) Road (c) Rail (d) water
(4) The means of transport that is more prone to accident is (a) water (b) air (c) road (d) rail
(5) One advantage of inland water-ways is that (a) they are flexible (b) they are fast (c) goods are transported cheaply (d) it is affected by seasonality
THEORY
1) On an outline map of Nigeria, locate and name, (i) Two international airports (ii) Two
domestic airports 2) State four reasons why most manufacturing industries are sited in cities.
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