The Clifford’s Constitution Of 1922

CONTENT

1. Features.
2. Merits and Demerits.

FEATURES OF CLIFFORD CONSTITUTION

• Secretary of State for Colonies: This was a Cabinet minister in Britain and the Secretary of State for Colonies. All the colonial Governors report him.
• Head of State: This was Governor HughClifford. He represented the Queen of England.
• The Executive Council: It was an all European Council. No Nigerian was a member
• The Legislative Council: Membership was 46, 27 were officials, 19 were unofficial members. 10 out of the 19 were Nigerians. Out of the 10, 4 were elected, 3 from Lagos, 1 from Calabar. The remaining 6 were appointed by the governor to represent other parts of the country. The Northern Protectorate was not part of this council.
• Proclamation: The North was governed by proclamation from the Governor.
• Elective Principle: For the first time elections were to be conducted into the Legislative Council
• Political Activities: There was political activities and formation of political parties especially in Lagos and Calabar e.g. The NNDP of Herbert Macaulay.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS

• What is elective principle?
• Explain the legislative composition of the Clifford Constitution

MERITS OF CLIFFORD’S CONSTITUTION

• The constitution allowed political activities and formation of political parties in Lagos and Calabar e.g. NNDP.
• Newspapers were established to boost political activities.
• The introduction of elective principle allowed Nigerians to elect representatives for the first time into the legislative council.
• The constitution established a new Legislative Council for the colony and Protectorate of southern Nigeria except the Northern Protectorate.
• The constitution gave inspiration to nationalist activities in the country and this prepared the ground for self government.
• It served as the first ever constitution in Nigeria.

DEMERITS OF CLIFFORD’S CONSTITUTION

• The constitution disenfranchised majority of Nigerians. The four unofficial members elected into the legislative council were elected by Adult Male Suffrage with residential qualification of one year and a gross income of E100 per annum.
• Only Europeans dominated the Legislative Council.
• The executive council was also dominated by the Europeans.
• The elective principle applied only in the legislative council. The franchise was not extended to the executive council.
• The unofficial members elected into the legislative council were illiterates.
• The governor had veto power over issues in the executive and legislative council.
• Clifford’s Constitution brought about sectionalism, it was a constitution for the South only, and the North was excluded.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS

1. Why was the Clifford Constitution accused of sectionalism?
2. How the Clifford Constitution did disenfranchised Nigerians?

RICHARD’S CONSTITUTION OF 1946

CONTENT

During the Second World War (1939-44), Sir Bourdillon was governor of Nigeria. When he retired in 1944, he had almost concluded the constitution where he proposed regionalism. His successor Sir Arthur Richard used his proposals to draft his constitution. He presented it to the legislative council of Nigeria on March 6, 1946; it became a constitution on August 2, 1946 and came into force on January 1, 1947. The new constitution was meant for the unity of Nigeria and encourages greater participation of Nigerians in their own affairs.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF RICHARD’S CONSTITUTION

• To create regional council for the three regions of north, west, and east i.e. regionalism.
• To promote the unity of Nigeria.
• To allow greater participate of Nigeria in their own affairs.
• The legislative council was introduced in order to accommodate every section of the Nigerian.
• To divide the country three administrative units of north, east, and west.
• To create constitutional and political links between the native authorities and the legislative council.

FEATURES OF RICHARD’S CONSTITUTION

• The Executive Council: The central executive council had Richard as the president of the council and was dominated by Europeans.
• The Legislative Council: The government was the president and was based in Lagos. The council allowed a wider representation of Nigerian interest. It had 44 members made up of 28 majority non-officials and 16 minority officials. The composition was

1. The North had 9-non official members
2. The West had 6-non official members
3. 4 non- official members were nominated to represent commercial banking and mining.
4. 4 non- official members were elected directly from Lagos and Calabar.
5. 16 official members, 13 of whom were ex-official and 3 nominated.

• The qualification to vote was restricted to male adults who resided in the area for 12 months with a gross income of E50 per annum.
• House of Assembly or Regional House of Assembly: Assembly members were to be elected by the native authorities while the regional assembly members were to elect members of the Central Legislative council (through electoral colleges).
• The elective principle: The constitution still retained the elective principle with limited franchise of 3 representatives from Lagos and 1 from Calabar.
• Legislature: It brought the North and South together under one legislature
• Dual Membership: Members of the Central Legislative Council were also members of the Regional Council.
• Nigerians were in the minority in the Nigeria or central Executive Council.
• Regionalism: Regions were created out of the former three provinces -Eastern, Western and Northern regions.

MERITS OF RICHARD’S CONSTITUTION

• The constitution brought the North and South together and this laid the foundation for national unity.
• Nigeria’s formed the majority in the legislature though in an unofficial capacity. Members were in majority for the first time.
• The constitution introduced bi-cameral legislature in the North, thus it introduced bi-cameralism in Nigeria.
• Regionalism was introduced in Nigeria and this was a good achievement of Richard’s constitution.
• The constitution laid the foundation for Federalism and Federal Constitution in Nigerian political structure.
• The North and South were integrated together for the first time since 1923 for registration and unity purposes.

DEMERITS OF RICHARD’S CONSTITUTION

• The executive council was still dominated by European just as in Clifford’s Constitution.
• The constitution divided the country into three unequal parts by making the northern region larger than western and eastern regions put together.
• The three regions created along the three major ethnic groups fanned the members of tribalism and sectionalism in Nigeria.
• The E50 and the male adult suffrage disenfranchised many Nigeria.
• The constitution introduced regionalism into Nigeria politics and it has been a problem till today.
• By giving veto power to the governor, the constitution made mockery of the non official majority of Nigeria in the legislative council.
• The constitution limited franchise to Lagos and Calabar while other bigger towns were disenfranchised.
• Nationalists rejected the constitution because Nigerians were not consulted during the drafting.
• The constitution gave the government power over the legislative and executive councils thereby making him autocratic and dictatorial.
• The nationalists referred the traditional chiefs who were unofficial members as puppets of the colonial government because the constitution re- enforced the system of Indirect rule.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS

• Explain the merits of Richard’s constitution.
• Explain the demerits of Richard’s constitution.

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Explain the composition of the legislative council of the Clifford’s Constitution.
2. Why was the Clifford’s constitution criticized?
3. Explain the composition of the legislative council of the Richard’s Constitution.
4. Explain the achievements of the Richards constitution.
5. (a) Define Public Corporation (b) Give 5 reasons for setting up Public Corporation.
6. Differentiate between Civil Service and Public Corporation.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Clifford’s constitution was established in —- (a) 1916 (b) 1922 (c) 1914 (d) 1960
2. Regionalism was introduced into Nigeria’s politics by the — (a) Macpherson’s Constitution  (b) Clifford’s Constitution (c) Richard’s Constitution (d) Littleton’s Constitution
3. All the following are the features of Clifford’s constitution except —- (a) Regionalism (b) elective principles (c) Formation of political parties (d) establishment of newspapers
4. Disenfranchisement means —- (a) right to vote and be voted for (b) to be disqualified from voting (c) right to form government (d) right to form a political party
5. ——– is regarded as Nigeria’s first constitution (a) Macpherson’s Constitution (b) Richard’s Constitution (c) Clifford’s Constitution (d) Littleton’s Constitution

THEORY

1. Explain the features of the Clifford’s Constitution.
2. Mention the aims and objective of the Macpherson’s Constitution.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Comprehensive Government Pages 156-158