Forest Management

CONTENT

• Meaning of forest
• Forest reserve in Nigeria
• Importance or uses of the forest
• Management of the forest

FOREST
Forest can be defined as a large area of land covered with trees and bushes, either growing wild or planted for some purposes which serves as habitat to various kinds of animals.

Forestry is the management of forest and forest resources.

Silviculture is the growing and cultivation trees.

Forest ecology is the scientific study of interrelated organisms in the forest.

COMMON FOREST TREES
Common forest trees found in the forest are Iroko, Obeche, Mahogany, Nigerian walnut, Ebony, Camwood, Opepe, Afara, Teak and Abura.

FOREST RESERVES IN NIGERIA
Forest reserves are large areas of land where plants, either growing naturally or planted are specially preserved for specific purposes.

SOME FOREST RESERVES IN NIGERIA

1. Mamu River Forest Reserve in Anambra State.
2. Omo Forest Reserve in Ogun State.
3. Afi River Forest Reserve in Cross Rivers State.
4. Okomu Forest Reserve in Edo State.
5. Shasha River Forest Reserve in Ogun State.
6. Zamfara Forest Reserve in Zamfara state.
7. Sanga River Forest Reserve in Plateau state.

EVALUATION

1. What is Forest?
2. List five common forest trees

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST AND ITS RESOURCES
The following are ways in which the forest and its resources are important to us. They are as follows:

1. Provision of food.
2. Provision of fuel.
3. Provision of medicinal herbs.
4. Provision of employment (lumbering).
5. Forest serves as wind break.
6. Formation of rain.
7. Prevention of soil erosion.
8. Addition of nutrients to soil.
9. Home of wild animals.
10. Forest serves as tourist centre.
11. Provision of foreign exchange.
12. It beautifies the environment and serves as tourist sites.
13. Reduction of atmosphere pollution.
14. Sources of raw materials such as pulp, timber, dye, gum latex etc.

MANAGEMENT OF THE FOREST
The following are management practices that will ensure a constant supply of timber in the forest:

1. FOREST REGULATION:
   These are laws promulgated by government in the form of edicts, decrees and bye laws to prevent people from exploiting or indiscriminate tapping of forest resources.
   a. The prohibition of bush burning
   b. Ban on indiscriminate cutting of timber trees
   c. Encouraging people to plant trees
   d. Ban or collection of leaves and firewood from the forest
   e. Ban or farming in forest reserves
   f. Ban or cutting down of under aged trees
   g. People are to obtain licences so as to secure the permission to enable them cut down trees for human needs.
2. SELECTIVE EXPLORATION
   This is the process of cutting or harvesting only mature trees in the forest

ADVANTAGES OF SELECTIVE EXPLORATION
a. It ensures the concentration of selected species of timber in the forest
b. It protects soil from erosion
c. It ensures continuous supply of timber
d. It serves as revenue base for the government
e. It prevents indiscriminate felling of timber

3. DEFORESTATION
   This is the continuous or indiscriminate removal of trees without replacing them.

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
a. Unfavourable climatic factors such as draught, wind blast etc
b. Man’s farming activities such as bush burning, shifting cultivation etc.
c. Timber exploitation
d. Mining/industrialization
e. Natural disasters
f. Bad government policies

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
a. It encourages soil erosion.
b. It leads to reduction in fertility of soil.
c. It reduces the amount of rainfall in an area
d. It reduces soil moisture content
e. It increases leaching of plant nutrient
f. It destroys the microclimate and warms up the environment
g. It may lead to desert encroachment

EVALUATION

1. List five importance of forest
2. Explain selective exploration
3. REGENERATION
   Regeneration is the process of forest re-growth after it has been exploited. It is a deliberate effort to grow trees.

TYPES OF REGENERATION
a. Natural Regeneration: in this type there is re growth of new plants from the old stump
b. Artificial regeneration: this involves the planting of new forest seedlings in a deforested area.

ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL REGENERATION
i. It is less expensive when compared with the artificial regeneration
ii. It does not require formal stages in plantation establishment
iii. It brings about the stabilization of natural ecosystem
iv. It does not require special management skill

5. AFORESTATION
   This is the process of establishing forest plantations in any area.

ADVANTAGES OF AFORESTATION

1. It leads to addition of organic matter
2. It provides regular supply of raw materials e.g timber for industries
3. It prevents desert encroachment
4. It increases forest fauna (wild life) in the area concerned
5. It prevents leaching of plants nutrient
6. It increases soil moisture retention
7. It increases the amount of rain fall
8. It improves the soil structure
9. TAUNGYA SYSTEM
   Taungya system is defined as the planting of arable crops at early stage of forest establishment and the arable crops are harvested before the trees form canopies.

CONDITION NECESSARY FOR THE PRACTICE OF TAUNGYA SYSTEM
The conditions which may favour the practice of taungya system include:
i. Scarcity of land
ii. Over population
iii. Unemployment
iv. Government policies
v. Low standard of living

ADVANTAGES OF TAUNGYA FARMING
i. Varieties of crops are harvested
ii. There is availability of crop produce throughout the year
iii. When leguminous crops are used they fixed nitrogen to the soil
iv. Solves the problem of land scarcity
v. It increases the income of the farmer

DISADVANTAGES OF TAUNGYA FARMING
i. Reluctance in releasing fertile soil
ii. Cultivation of selected crops
iii. Competition between crops and trees
iv. Inability of some crops to survive

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Define Taungya farming
2. List three advantages of Taungya farming
3. What is regeneration?
4. List the types of regeneration
5. List the causes of deforestation

RESEARCH
Find out the botanical names of ten common forest trees.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Revision questions 6 and 7 in Essential Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools chapter 23, page 228

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A

1. The indiscriminate removal of trees is called____. A. aforestation B. deforestation C. taungya farming D. weeding
2. The following are forest trees except __. A. iroko B. obeche C. hibiscus D. ebony
3. Process of establishing a forest plantation is called __. A. afforestation B. deforestation C. taungya D. weeding
4. The process of cutting only matured trees in a forest is called __. A. selective exploitation B. selective exploration C. taungya D. aforestation
5. The best soil for Agriculture is _. A. loamy soil B. sandy soil C. clay soil D. silt soil

SECTION B

1. A. Define forest
   B. List ten uses of forest
2. A. Define deforestation
   B. State five effect of deforestation