Types Of Reaction, Catalyst, Oxidation and Reduction and IUPAC naming

CONTENT

• Definition of Oxidation and Reduction.
• Relationship between Oxidation number and IUPAC naming

TYPES OF REACTIONS

Chemical reactions are changes in which some new chemical substances are formed. Chemical reactions can be grouped into:

1. Combination reaction: This involves the combination of two or more substances to form a single compound. Example

PbO_2(s)  +  SO_2(g)→ PbSO_4(s)

• Displacement reaction: In displacement reaction, one element or radical replaces another element or radical in a compound. Example

Zn_(s)  +  CuSO_4(aq)→ ZnSO_4(aq)  +  Cu_(s)

• Double decomposition: This reaction involves the reactants decomposing to form new substances by an exchange of radicals. Example

AgNO_3(aq)  +  NaCl_(aq) →AgCl_(s)  +  NaNO_3(aq)

• Reversible reaction:  A reversible reaction is a reaction which the products can react to give the reactants. Example

CaCO_3(s)  +  H₂O_(l)  +  CO_2(g)                             Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq)

• Thermal dissociation: In thermal dissociation, each molecule of a substance dissociates into two simpler molecules or atoms on the application of heat. Unlike thermal decomposition, thermal dissociation is reversible. Example

NH₄Cl_(s)                         NH_3(g)  +  HCl_(g)

• Catalytic reaction: Any chemical reaction which uses a catalyst is a catalytic reaction.E.g

H_2(g)  +  I_2(g) → 2HI_(g)

A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction, but itself remains chemically and quantitatively unchanged at the end of the reaction.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CATALYST

1. It alters the rate of a chemical reaction.
2. It remains unchanged in chemical nature and mass at the end of a reaction.
3. It is specific in action.
4. It cannot start a reaction.
5. It does not affect the types of products formed in a reaction.
6. It has no effect on the equilibrium of a reversible reaction.
7. The effect of a solid catalyst is improved by increasing its surface area.

TYPES OF CATALYSTS

Catalysts may be inorganic or organic substances. Inorganic catalysts can be grouped into positive and negative catalysts. Organic catalysts are known as enzymes and are produced by living cells.

A catalyst which increases the rate of a reaction is a positive catalyst. An example is manganese (IV) oxide which speeds up the decomposition of potassium trioxochlorate (V).

                        2KClO_3(s)                       →2KCl_(s)  +  3O_2(g)

A catalyst which decreases the rate of a reaction is a negative catalyst. Example, tetraoxophosphate (V) acid decreases the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

                        2H₂O_2(l)                                     → 2H₂O_(l)  +  O_2(g)

Promoters and Inhibitors: A promoter is a substance that influences the rate of a reaction by affecting the efficiency of the catalyst. Example, aluminum oxide is added to iron catalyst used in the Haber process for the production of ammonia.

An inhibitor is a substance that decreases the efficiency of a catalyst. Example, hydrogen cyanide and mercury salts inhibit important enzymes in our bodies.

TYPES OF CATALYSIS

Homogeneous catalysis: In this reaction, the catalyst, reactants and products are all in the same phase. Example

                        2SO_2(g)  +  O_2(g)                        → 2SO_3(g)

Heterogeneous catalysis: For heterogeneous catalysis, the reactants, products and catalysts are in different phases. Example

                        H_2(g)  +  I_2(g)                 → 2HI_(g)

EVALUATION

1. State what type of reaction is represented by each of the following equations:
   1. 2KBr_(aq)  +  Cl_2(g)→ 2KCl_(aq)  +  Br_2(l)
   1. 2Pb(NO₃)_2(s)→ 2PbO_(s)  +  4NO_2(g)  +  O_2(g)
   1. KNO_3(aq)  +  H₂SO_4(aq)→ KHSO_4(aq)

Define the term Catalyst and give five characteristics of a catalyst.

OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

DEFINITION OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

The following definitions, have been used for the oxidation and reduction processes In terms of Oxygen: Oxidation is defined as the addition of oxygen to a substance while reduction is defined as the removal of oxygen from a substance.

EVALUATION

1. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of
2. Hydrogen (b) Oxygen
3. Give the modern definition of Oxidation and Reduction

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXIDATION NUMBER AND IUPAC NAMING

The oxidation number or state of an element in a neutral compound or radical (ion) is defined as the numerical electrical charge it appears to have as determined by a set of arbitrary rules.­

RULES OF DETERMINING OXIDATION NUMBERS

EXAMPLE

1. Find the oxidation number of the manganese atom in KMnO₄ and give the IUPAC name the compound.

Solution:

KMnO₄ = 0

(+1) + Mn + 4(-2) =0

+1 +Mn -8=0

Mn – 7 =0

Mn = +7

The oxidation number (state) of manganese in KMnO₄ is + 7.

Hence the IUPAC name of the compound is Potassium tetraoxomanganate (VII)

• Find the oxidation number of chlorine in NaClO and give the IUPAC name of the compound.

Solution:

NaClO = 0

(+1) + Cl + (-2) = 0

Cl -2 + 1 = 0

Cl -1       = 0

Cl = +1

The oxidation number of chlorine in NaClO is +1.

Thus, the IUPAC name of the compound is Sodium oxochlorate (I)

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION

1. Show that the following reactions are redox reaction
2. 2H₂S_(g)  +  SO_2(g)→3S_(s)  +  2H₂O_(l)
3. 2K_(s)  +  2H₂O_(l)→ 2KOH_(aq)  +  H_2(g)
4. 2FeCl_(aq)  +  Cl_2(g)→ 2FeCl_3(aq)

2. What is the oxidation number of chromium in K₂Cr₂O₇? Give the IUPAC name of the  compound.

3. Define oxidation and reduction in modern terms

4. Define radicals and give TWO examples

5. What is valency? Give the valency of the following elements: sodium, phosphorus, carbon, sulphur, and aluminum.

READING ASSIGNMENT: New School Secondary for Senior Secondary School by O. Y. Ababio, pages 184-192

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY

1. Major difference between thermal dissociation and thermal decomposition is that

A. Thermal dissociation is not reversible B. thermal decomposition is reversible C. thermal dissociation is reversible D. thermal decomposition is not reversible.

• Removal of hydrogen from a substance is A. oxidation B. reduction C. oxidizing agent

D. reducing agent

• The oxidation number of uncombined element is A. 2 B. 4 C. –1 D. 0.
• H₂S  +  O₂    →     S + H₂O

In the above equation of reaction, the oxidation number of sulphur changes from

1. –2 to 0 B. +2 to –1 C. 0 to +2 D. +1 to -2
2. What is the oxidation number of chromium in sodium heptaoxodichromate (VI)? A. +3 B. +12 C. +6 D. +2

SECTION B

1. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer.
2. Determine the oxidation number of Chromium in K₂Cr₂O₇.