CONTENT
- Multiples
- Common Multiples
- Least Common Multiples (LCM)
- Highest Common Factors (HCF).
Multiples
Multiples mean finding the product of a positive integer with another positive integer. Simply put, when a whole number multiples another whole number, the result obtained is called the multiple of either of those numbers.
The first four multiples of 12 are
12 x 1 = 12
12 x 2 = 24
12 x 3 = 36
12 x 4 =48
Thus, we write 12, 24, 36 and 48 as the first for multiples of 12.
Note: Every whole number has an infinite number of multiples
Every whole number has a finite number of factors.
Example 1
Find the next five multiple of the following whole numbers.
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c ) 11.
Solution
In these questions, the numbers are not to be included because it reads next.
(a) 4, 4 x 1 = 4 (not included)
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
:. The next five multiples of 4 are 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.
(b) 8, 8 x 1 =8 multiple of 11
8 x 2 =16 11 x 1 =11
8 x 3 =24 11 x 2 = 22
8 x 4 =32 11 x 3 = 33
8 x 5 =40 11 x 4 = 44
8 x 6 = 48 11 x 5 = 55
11 x 6 = 66
the next five multiples of the next five multiples of 11 are 22, 33,44,55 and 66
8 are 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48.
Example 2
Which of the following numbers 18, 20, 27 36 and 50 are
- multiples of 2
- multiples of 3
- multiples of 4.
Solution
When a number can be divided exactly by another number it means the quotient is a multiple of the divisor. 18, 20, 27 36, 50
- multiples of 2 are 18, 20, 27 36, 50
- multiples of 3 are 18, 27 and 36
- multiple of 4 are 20 and 36.
EVALUATION
- 1.Find the next 7 multiples of the following numbers.
(a) 15 (b) 25 (c ) 13.
- Which of the following whole numbers 37, 68, 51, 128, 85 and 187 are
(a) multiples of 2
(b) multiples of 3
(c) multiples of 5
(d) multiples of 17.
Common multiples
When two or more numbers have a multiple in common, then the numbers is known as a common multiple.
Example
Find the first two common multiples of 4.6 and 8.
Solution
Their multiple are as shown below;
4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 (24) 28,32, 36, 40, 44, (48) 52,56,60,64……
6 = 6, 12, 18,(24), 30, 36, 42, (48), 54, 60, 66, 72.
8= 8, 16,(24), 32, 40, (48), 56, 64, 72,
Considering the three whole numbers, their first two common multiples are
24 and 48.
Examples
Write down three common multiples of the following sets of numbers
(a) 5 and 6
(b) 3, 10 and 15.
Solution
(a) First three common multiples of 5 and 6.
5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, (30),35, 40 45, 50, 55 (60) 65, 70,75,80 85,(90) 95,100, 105,110,115,120.
6= 6, 12,18,24, (30),36, 42,48,54,(60),66,72,78,84, (90),96,102,106,114,120.
:.The first three common multiples of 5 and 6 are, 30 60 and 90.
(b) First three common multiples of 3, 10 and 15
3= 3,6,9,12,15,18,21, 24,27, (30),33,36,39,42,45,81,84,87,(90),93,96.
10= 10, 20, (30), 40, 50, (60) 70, 80 (90),100,110, etc
15 = 15, (30), 45,(60), 75, (90), 105, 120.
:. The first three common multiples of 3, 10, and 15 are 30, 60 and 90.
EVALUATION
Find the first four common multiples of the following sets of numbers
(a) 4 and 7 (b) 2,5 and 7 (c ) 3, 6, 9.
READING ASSIGNMENT
- Essential Mathematic for JSS1 by AJS Oluwasanmipg 32
- New General Mathematics for JSS1 by M.F Macraeetalpg 26-27.
Least Common Multiples (LCM)
You can find the least common multiples of two or more numbers by listing as many multiples as you need until you have one that is common to both or all the numbers.
For instance to find the LCM of 24 and 15
Multiples of 24 = 24, 48, 72,96, 120………
Multiples of 15 = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75,90, 105, 120.
Although the numbers will have many common multiples but, looking at what we are after, that is the least of the common multiples, the answer will be 120.
:. LCM of 24 and 15 = 120.
Rather than writing out a long list of multiples for each number, you can use the prime factors method to find the LCM. This is the method we are going to apply.
Highest Common Factor
Highest common factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the largest number that divides exactly into all the numbers.
Find the HCF of the following . Leave the answers in prime factors and use index notation.
(a) 23 x 32 x 7
22 x 3 x 52
22 x 33 x 5
(b) 23 x 52 x 7
22 x 32 x 5
33 x 53 x 72
Solution
(a)23 x 32 x 7 = 2 x 22 x 3 x 3 x7
22 x 3 x 52 = 22 x 3 x 52
22 x 33 x 5 = 22x 3 x 32 x 5
HCF = 22 x 3 index form
4 x 3 = 12.
(b) 23 x 52 x 7 = 23x 52 x 7
22 x 32 x 5 = 22 x 32x 5
33 x 53 x 72= 33 x 53 x 72
The factor that is common is in 5
:. HCF = 5
EVALUATION
1.Findthe HCF of the following;
i. leaving your answers in index form
ii. leaving your answers in whole number
(a) 160, 96 and 224
(b) 189, 279and 108
(c) 126, 234 and 90.
2. Find the HCF of the following .Leave your answers in prime factors and use index notation.
22x 33 x 5
21 x 34 x 5
2 x 35 x 72
(b) 23 x 33 x 53
24 x 3 x 52 x 7
25 x 32 x 5 x 72
READING ASSIGNMENT
- New General Mathematics for jss 1 by m.Fmacraeetalpg 25-26
- Essential Mathematics for jss1 by AjSOluwasanmi, pg 31.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The value of 23 x 32 is (a) 1291 (b) 658 (c) 729 (d)7 36 (e) 54
2. The LCM of 12 and 15 is (a) 90 (b) 60 (c) 30 (d) 120 (e) 180
3. The HCF of 63and 90 is (a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 6 (e) 9
4. The first three common multiples of 3 and 11 are (a) 3, 33, 66, (b) 11, 33, 66 ( c ) 33, 66, 99 (d) 33, 44, 55 (e) 33, 22, 11.
5. Which of the following whole numbers 22, 11, 54, 35, 40, 75, and 105 is /are multiples of 5? (a) 11, 22, 35 (b) 35, 40, 75, 105 ( c ) 54, 35, 40, 75, 105 (d) 35, 54, 40, 75 (e) 105,75,40,35,54.
THEORY
1. Give the first five multiples of the following
I. 5 II 7 III. 11
B Write down four common multiples of the following sets of numbers
I. 3, 4 and 5 II. 3, 10 and 15.
2a. Find the LCM of
I. 9, 24, 32, and 90 II. 23 x 32 x 5 x 7
3 x 53 x 72
24 x 3 x 72
32 x 52 x 73
b. Find the HCF of
i. 126, 234 and 90 ii. 23 x 33 x 53
b. 63, 42, and 21 24 x 3 x 52 x 7
25 x 32 x 5 x 72
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